A computer virus can of infecting a computer system, then spread by replicating itself throughout a network just like biological viruses. It attaches to existing programs, which can then infect other programs and files when a user executes it. Viruses are able to steal sensitive information, delete or modify files, and even launch attacks on other systems.

Ransomware is a type of malware used to encrypt files or the operating system on a device, locking the user out of their files or device. The victim loses access to important and often confidential data and faces disruption to their business. Attackers will then threaten to publish their victim’s data or permanently block their access unless a ransom is paid (often in cryptocurrency).

Scareware, often disseminated via pop-up ads, is designed to trick users into believing that their device has been infected with malware and then duped to download or purchase malicious (or useless) software to fix the supposed issue.

In some cases, victims will be asked to enter their credit card details or other sensitive information when downloading the fake software, which criminals will then use for fraudulent purposes. Other times, the fake software is simply a way for criminals to install other types of malware into a victim’s device.

Adware is designed to display advertisements on a user’s device, typically in the form of pop-up ads and banners. It can track a user’s browsing behaviour and collect personal data about their online activities for targeted advertising purposes.

On the other hand, malvertising refers to the distribution of malware through online advertising platforms. Seemingly legitimate ads will direct users to phishing sites or other malicious websites.

Short for Trojan horse, a Trojan is a type of malware that is often disguised as a legitimate program or file, and may be distributed through phishing emails or software downloads. Once it’s downloaded, it can perform a variety of malicious activities, such as stealing financial information or installing additional malware.

Designed to collect information from a device without the user’s knowledge or consent, spyware can be used to monitor a person’s online activities and steal sensitive information such as login credentials and credit card information.

It can be installed on a device through various methods, such as clicking on a malicious link or email attachment, installing infected software or visiting a compromised website.

Suspicious downloads on Android Victims may come across favourable deals and be lured into contacting these fraudulent businesses through their social media or messaging platforms (e.g., WhatsApp). Subsequently, they will be sent a URL to download an Android Package Kit (APK) file which contains malware, potentially allowing scammers to access their devices remotely and steal their personal information and banking credentials.

Be sceptical of advertisements with exaggerated claims that seem too good to be true, and avoid downloading any dubious applications on your devices.

Scammers may attempt to contact victims through calls or text messages, pretending to be a friend or acquaintance. Instead of directly asking for money, they may send victims malicious links on the pretext of seeking help with making a restaurant reservation or purchasing furniture, for example. The malicious links will lead the victims to either download an APK file and/or to phishing sites where they are tricked into entering their banking details. Scammers can then access the victims’ bank accounts to perform unauthorised transactions.

Be cautious when receiving unusual phone calls or messages from individuals claiming to be someone you know. Verify their identity through alternative means such as meeting them in person or using previously established contact details, before engaging in any transactions or divulging sensitive information.

As businesses increasingly use QR codes, scammers are finding new ways to exploit this technology by pasting manipulated QR codes near authorised scan-to-pay signs in shops and restaurants. Victims are duped into scanning the fraudulent codes, unknowingly downloading malware-infected apps that steal confidential and sensitive data.

Be especially wary of QR codes that may appear suspicious or tampered with, and check with the staff to make sure it is legitimate before scanning.